Overall, Secure Hunter is good for home or personal use, with both free and paid editions presented. It defends against spying programs, adware, trojans, rootkits, worms, keyboard spies, etc. The interface is somewhat overloaded and unorganized. Threats can be deleted or ignored, but not restored after deletion. Key features: Malware removal, 3 scan modes, ignore list. Quick scanning and browser inspection are the highlights of ByteFence, which is a typical malware removal niche product.
Gaming mode that turns off any external alerts provides very little information to a user. Browser control identifies suspicious homepages, analyzes plugins and add-ons, but does not clean and optimize to the full effect. Key features: Do not disturb mode, whitelist, antivirus. Q: What is anti-malware software? A: Anti-malware a. Antimalware, anti malware, malware removal software, malware scanner tools are special software programs that detect and remove malware from computer devices.
Anti-malware protects against malicious scripts, viruses, rootkits, ransomware, spyware, adware. Q: How does anti malware work? A: To prevent malware, this special type of security software implies three main methods: signature-based malware detection see the 2nd paragraph above , behavior-based detection by intentions, behaviors, actions, etc. By design, anti-malware can do the following tasks: block suspicious websites, quarantine the detected malware, display data about the infections and insights into how and how far a malicious script has compromised a network.
Q: What is the best anti-malware? For more considerations, pros and cons, tips and more read our product reviews, sich as Malwarebytes, Malware Fighter, Spybot, etc. Q: Is anti-malware and antivirus the same thing? A: No, but similar. Thus, an antivirus software protects against computer viruses specifically, while antimalware covers a wider range of threats: trojans, worms, unwanted apps, ransomware, cryptomining, adware, exploits, keylogging, etc.
Many antivirus programs have been expanding their functionality to defend against malware too. The best practice is to use both.
Q: What is Malwarebytes anti-exploit? A: Anti-Exploit is a security program that was bought out by malwarebytes from ZeroVulnerabilityLabs, and is now in beta-version, as of January It runs in the background and specifically targets zero-day exploits in browsers, rootkits, phishing scams, malicious links and sites. It is only available in Premium package. Q: What is Bytefence? Is it good? A: Firstly, this is just one of the anti-malware programs and a popular antivirus.
Secondly, it got in famous due to often being distributed in a bundle with another software which essentially means PUA. Many users online recommend removing it because it got them more malware instead of preventing it. Q: How to choose the right antimalware program? A: Go with reliable and reputable. It should not affect PC boot time and overall performance, be easy to navigate, fast in scanning, provide full control over all elements.
Victor Mangur is ThinkMobiles' long-serving analyst, writer and editor, devoted to software and all things digital. Before that he worked in media, publishing, advertising agencies from Ukraine, Hungary and Austria. Victor is an expert in SaaS, enterprise applications and optimization tools, sharing insights from the world of software development and marketing. He values and rigorously sticks to pragmatism, clarity, open-mindedness, efficiency and business ethics.
Victor Mangur. Disclosure: We may receive compensation when you click on links. Created: August 4, Updated: August 6, Best free anti-malware tools So, now we move on to reviewing free anti-malware software and malware removal tools. Below are three comparison tables of top 24 free antimalware software performance, protection and interface: 2.
Pros Extensive database of threats, updated regularly 3 types of malware scanning for various scenarios Informs users about new ransomware in Notifications. Cons Pushing for other additional IObit products Full scanning is quite lengthy Static size interface that takes most of the screen. Cons High Price Very limited trial Too many tabs in interface. Pros It detects and removes spyware, botnets, Trojan horses and other infections Very easy to use and has straightforward instructions that can be easily followed Enhances real-time protection against infection when used with antivirus.
Cons Does not operate singly and needs reinforcement from antivirus software Cannot be automatically scheduled to carry out malware scanning Most of the features quickly expire prompting you to update to the paid version.
Pros Portable version available Quick and well-performing scan Easy to use, interface themes to choose. Cons Database updates only manually No real-time protection mode Some features aren't fully implemented. Pros Adblocker inside Software updater Low resource usage. Pros Highly optimized and lightweight Works without leaving any footprints on your PC Quick and easy-to-install Offers real-time protection.
Cons Does not have a free version, therefore, one needs to pay for annual usage for after the trial It hadn't detected plenty of malware files as other tools had Quite long scanning times. Pros Signals in big red interface color if it detects threats Save log feature Database of threats plus cloud technology scanning. Cons Only trial for days free Available only for Windows Collects all PC performance issues rather than focusing on malware.
The APIs for these entitlements are very much public but will not yield a valid result if the entitlement is missing or the user hasn't provided access.
Private APIs, on the other hand, will return valid results each time. However, they are often hidden behind actual public APIs. Internally, it then calls the function in frame 9. Calling the function in frame 9 directly from within app code would be a private API violation. I don't believe checking at runtime if a private API call is made is practical. For one, I'm not sure how technically feasible it would be but worse, there would be a performance penalty accrued with every private API.
More importantly, though, the app would already be out in the wild. Compile-time and app review is really the only time to check.
To the best of my knowledge, I'm not sure there's a way to force a private API call within Swift, particularly for classes that don't inherit from NSObject or are functions not tagged with objc.
Information extraction is a security issue, plain and simple. Smartphones are extremely bad here compared to platforms that allow sideloaded apps. Being dependent on one manufacturer is also a security issue.
So I don't understand the security argument. Apps on shops probably don't contain malware, many of them exploit you legally. The software landscape outside of stores is far less prone to exploitation.
Contrary to all the apps on the proprietary stores of smartphone manufacturers that never spy on people. At no time did Apple state that there are zero apps in its store that violate its guidelines and spy on people.
You're taking one side of an argument that doesn't exist. Too often in this debate, people think that pointing out that Apple isn't perfect somehow negates all of its legitimate arguments.
It doesn't. Not even remotely. Why would the API of the device allow for spyware? What can any app do on an iPhone that will spy on me outside of that app?
And this is what these companies were doing publicly. Imagine if they had unrestricted access through other app stores? Data is the modern day gold rush, and it seems like every company has gold fever. I would be open to alternate app stores if and only if they were unable to circumvent MDM restrictions.
At least that way you could protect company assets. Personally I think sideloading on personal computing devices like smartphones should be mandated by law, and then the big brains at Apple can figure out how to make it secure. While I don't ordinarily approve of whipping out the law hammer to solve every problem, this does provide a little food for thought.
Instead of a gub'mint telling Apple "OK, you have to let there be an app store free-for-all right now" and Apple watching its work descend into chaos overnight, there could be a middle ground: "OK, you have to let there be an app store free-for-all in five years.
I'm only half-way through reading the Apple document, so maybe this is addressed later. Perhaps it might mean Apple has to slow down feature development, beef up its sandboxing, switch to memory safe languages like Swift, or do more to entice developers to its app store. All of these would be good outcomes.
I'm fine with giving Apple a bit of a lead time here, but ultimately people should have the right to do whatever they want on their own personal computing devices. I think Apple makes great products and skimming through the paper, I find this analysis to be on-target. But this is coming from an obviously biased source. As with most things in security, it's a trade-off between competing goals and principles. I use an old android phone reflashed to e. I think all those threat modes are avoided by using it.
I don't think it is safe for every user to do the same I did, but I'm glad I could do it. I think a reasonable solution would be something like a hardware seal that unlocked the bootloader once broken.
If the vendor worries about how this may affect them, breaking the seal could also void device warranty. I'd gladly buy a second hand still powerful device, void its warranty and install whatever I wanted on it. Granted, I've never submitted an app to the App store outside of work and I do have some serious reservations about how Apple runs the store, but I actually like the fact that the only way to slideload apps on the device is to jailbreak or compile and install the app yourself provided you sign up as an apple developer account.
I think the lack of officially sanctioned slideloading keeps the device simpler, and in my mind that's more secure. Every 7 days!! If we could compile and install apps without any limitations, we'd already have a competing app store that automates this for people. I am maybe the anomaly in this crowd I also don't develop apps for iPhones but I appreciate the security benefits that Apple puts on people.
Sure it comes at a cost of "freedom" of applications that I could put on my phone, but it gives me a bit of piece of mind that my aging parents and my nieces and nephews are able to use the phone without downloading very risky applications I mean there are still risks abound, but it decreases it significantly. There are already enough security flaws that continue to be patched up on an on-going basis that it seems unnecessary to open this level of risk for their client base.
Schlieren imaging systems provide a powerful technique to visualize changes or nonuniformities in refractive index of air or other transparent media. With the popularization of computational imaging techniques and widespread availability of digital imaging systems, schlieren systems provide novel methods of viewing transparent fluid dynamics. This paper presents a historical background of the technique, describes the methodology behind the system, presents a mathematical proof of schlieren fundamentals, and lists various recent applications and advancements in schlieren studies.
The increasing number of In addition, non-WiFi devices sharing the same spectrum with Although the problem sources can be easily removed in many cases, it is difficult for end users to identify the root cause.
We introduce WiSlow, a software tool that diagnoses the root causes of poor WiFi performance with user-level network probes and leverages peer collaboration to identify the location of the causes. We elaborate on two main methods: packet loss analysis and The Internet of Things IoT enables the physical world to be connected and controlled over the Internet. This paper presents a smart gateway platform that connects everyday objects such as lights, thermometers, and TVs over the Internet.
The proposed hardware architecture is implemented on an Arduino platform with a variety of off the shelf home automation technologies such as Zigbee and X Using the microcontroller-based platform, the SECE Sense Everything, Control Everything system allows users to create various IoT services such as monitoring sensors, controlling actuators, triggering action events, and periodic sensor reporting.
Mobile devices are vertically integrated systems that are powerful, useful platforms, but unfortunately limit user choice and lock users and developers into a particular mobile ecosystem, such as iOS or Android. We present Chameleon, a multi-persona binary compatibility architecture that allows mobile device users to run applications built for different mobile ecosystems together on the same smartphone or tablet.
Chameleon enhances the domestic operating system of a device with personas to mimic the application binary interface of a foreign operating system to run unmodified foreign binary applications. To accomplish this without reimplementing the entire foreign operating system from scratch, Chameleon provides four key mechanisms. First, a multi-persona binary interface is used that can load and execute both domestic and foreign applications that use different sets of system calls. Second, compile-time code adaptation makes it simple to reuse existing unmodified foreign kernel code in the domestic kernel.
Third, API interposition and passport system calls make it possible to reuse foreign user code together with domestic kernel facilities to support foreign kernel functionality in user space. Fourth, schizophrenic processes allow foreign applications to use domestic libraries to access proprietary software and hardware interfaces on the device. We have built a Chameleon prototype and demonstrate that it imposes only modest performance overhead and can run iOS applications from the Apple App Store together with Android applications from Google Play on a Nexus 7 tablet running the latest version of Android.
We provide the first measurements on real hardware of a complete hypervisor using ARM hardware virtualization support. System reliability is a critical requirement of cyber-physical systems. An unreliable CPS often leads to system malfunctions, service disruptions, financial losses and even human life. Some prior researches have proposed reliability benchmark for some specific CPS such as wind power plant and wireless sensor networks.
There were also some prior researches on the components of CPS such as software and some specific hardware. FARE framework provides a CPS reliability model, a set of methods and metrics on the evaluation environment selection, failure analysis and reliability estimation for benchmarking CPS reliability. It not only provides a retrospect evaluation and estimation of the CPS system reliability using the past data, but also provides a mechanism for continuous monitoring and evaluation of CPS reliability for runtime enhancement.
The framework is extensible for accommodating new reliability measurement techniques and metrics. It is also generic and applicable to a wide range of CPS applications. For empirical study, we applied the FARE framework on a smart building management system for a large commercial building in New York City.
Our experiments showed that FARE is easy to implement, accurate for comparison and can be used for building useful industry benchmarks and standards after accumulating enough data.
Additional remarks on designing category-level attributes for discriminative visual recognition. Our accelerating computational demand and the rise of multicore hardware have made parallel programs increasingly pervasive and critical. Yet, these programs remain extremely difficult to write, test, analyze, debug, and verify. In this article, we provide our view on why parallel programs, specifically multithreaded programs, are difficult to get right.
Through a series of mechanical, semantics-preserving transformations, I show how a three-line recursive Haskell program Fibonacci can be transformed to a hardware description language -- Verilog -- that can be synthesized on an FPGA. This report lays groundwork for a compiler that will perform this transformation automatically. We discuss practical details and basic scalability for two recent ideas for hardware encryption for trojan prevention.
The broad idea is to encrypt the data used as inputs to hardware circuits to make it more difficult for malicious attackers to exploit hardware trojans. The two methods we discuss are data obfuscation and fully homomorphic encryption FHE. Data obfuscation is a technique wherein specific data inputs are encrypted so that they can be operated on within a hardware module without exposing the data itself to the hardware. FHE is a technique recently discovered to be theoretically possible.
With FHE, not only the data but also the operations and the entire circuit are encrypted. FHE primarily exists as a theoretical construct currently. It has been shown that it can theoretically be applied to any program or circuit. It has also been applied in a limited respect to some software. Some initial algorithms for hardware applications have been proposed.
We find that data obfuscation is efficient enough to be immediately practical, while FHE is not yet in the practical realm. There are also scalability concerns regarding current algorithms for FHE. This thesis will consist of the following four projects that aim to address the issues of Societal Computing.
First, privacy in the context of ubiquitous social computing systems has become a major concern for society at large. As the number of online social computing systems that collect user data grows, concerns with privacy are further exacerbated. Examples of such online systems include social networks, recommender systems, and so on. Approaches to addressing these privacy concerns typically require substantial extra computational resources, which might be beneficial where privacy is concerned, but may have significant negative impact with respect to Green Computing and sustainability, another major societal concern.
We describe how privacy can indeed be achieved for free an accidental and beneficial side effect of doing some existing computation in web applications and online systems that have access to user data. Second, we aim to understand what the expectations and needs to end-users and software developers are, with respect to privacy in social systems.
Some questions that we want to answer are: Do end-users care about privacy? What aspects of privacy are the most important to end-users? Do we need different privacy mechanisms for technical vs. Should we customize privacy settings and systems based on the geographic location of the users?
We have created a large scale user study using an online questionnaire to gather privacy requirements from a variety of stakeholders. We also plan to conduct follow-up semi-structured interviews. This user study will help us answer these questions. Third, a related challenge to above, is to make privacy more understandable in complex systems that may have a variety of user interface options, which may change often.
We have a large dataset of privacy settings for over users on Facebook and we plan to create a user study that will use the data to make privacy settings more understandable.
Finally, end-users of such systems find it increasingly hard to understand complex privacy settings. As software evolves over time, this might introduce bugs that breach users' privacy. Further, there might be system-wide policy changes that could change users' settings to be more or less private than before. Accurately determining a user's floor location is essential for minimizing delays in emergency response.
This paper presents a floor localization system intended for emergency calls. We aim to provide floor-level accuracy with minimum infrastructure support.
Our approach is to use multiple sensors, all available in today's smartphones, to trace a user's vertical movements inside buildings. We make three contributions. First, we present a hybrid architecture for floor localization with emergency calls in mind. The architecture combines beacon-based infrastructure and sensor-based dead reckoning, striking the right balance between accurately determining a user's location and minimizing the required infrastructure.
Second, we present the elevator module for tracking a user's movement in an elevator. The elevator module addresses three core challenges that make it difficult to accurately derive displacement from acceleration. Third, we present the stairway module which determines the number of floors a user has traveled on foot. Unlike previous systems that track users' foot steps, our stairway module uses a novel landing counting technique.
Alias analysis is perhaps one of the most crucial and widely used analyses, and has attracted tremendous research efforts over the years. Yet, advanced alias analyses are extremely difficult to get right, and the bugs in these analyses are most likely the reason that they have not been adopted to production compilers.
This paper presents NEONGOBY, a system for effectively detecting errors in alias analysis implementations, improving their correctness and hopefully widening their adoption. NEONGOBY works by dynamically observing pointer addresses during the execution of a test program and then checking these addresses against an alias analysis for errors.
It is explicitly designed to 1 be agnostic to the alias analysis it checks for maximum applicability and ease of use and 2 detect alias analysis errors that manifest on real-world programs and workloads.
It reduces false positives and performance overhead using a practical selection of techniques. We prove new formulations of derivatives of the Bethe free energy, provide bounds on the derivatives and bracket the locations of stationary points, introducing a new technique called Bethe bound propagation. Several results apply to pairwise models whether associative or not.
I describe in detail the circuitry of the original Pong video arcade game and how I reconstructed it on an FPGA -- a modern-day programmable logic device. In the original circuit, I discover some sloppy timing and a previously unidentified bug that subtly affected gameplay. The result is an accurate reproduction that exhibits many idiosyncracies of the original. A conventional camera has a limited depth of field DOF , which often results in defocus blur and loss of image detail.
The technique of image refocusing allows a user to interactively change the plane of focus and DOF of an image after it is captured. One way to achieve refocusing is to capture the entire light field. But this requires a significant compromise of spatial resolution. This is because of the dimensionality gap - the captured information a light field is 4-D, while the information required for refocusing a focal stack is only 3-D.
In this paper, we present an imaging system that directly captures a focal stack by physically sweeping the focal plane. We first describe how to sweep the focal plane so that the aggregate DOF of the focal stack covers the entire desired depth range without gaps or overlaps. Since the focal stack is captured in a duration of time when scene objects can move, we refer to the captured focal stack as a duration focal stack.
We then propose an algorithm for computing a space-time in-focus index map from the focal stack, which represents the time at which each pixel is best focused.
The algorithm is designed to enable a seamless refocusing experience, even for textureless regions and at depth discontinuities. We have implemented two prototype focal-sweep cameras and captured several duration focal stacks. Results obtained using our method can be viewed at www. The main findings were: 1 most of the students either misunderstood what metamorphic properties are or fell short of identifying all the metamorphic properties in their respective projects, 2 most of the students that were successful in finding all the metamorphic properties in their respective projects had incorporated certain arithmetic rules into their project logic, and 3 most of the properties identified were numerical metamorphic properties.
A possible reason for this could be that the two relevant lectures given in class cited examples of metamorphic properties that were based on numerical properties. Based on the findings of the case study, pertinent suggestions were made in order to improve the impact of lectures provided for Metamorphic Testing.
Introductory Computer Science CS classes are typically competitive in nature. The cutthroat nature of these classes comes from students attempting to get as high a grade as possible, which may or may not correlate with actual learning. Further, there is very little collaboration allowed in most introductory CS classes. Most assignments are completed individually since many educators feel that students learn the most, especially in introductory classes, by working alone.
In this paper, we describe how we leveraged competition and collaboration in a CS2 to help students learn aspects of computer science better in this case, good software design and software testing and summarize student feedback.
Gamification, or the use of game elements in non-game contexts, has become an increasingly popular approach to increasing end-user engagement in many contexts, including employee productivity, sales, recycling, and education. Our preliminary work has shown that gamification can be used to boost student engagement and learning in basic software testing. We seek to expand our gamified software engineering approach to motivate other software engineering best practices. We propose to build a game layer on top of traditional continuous integration technologies to increase student engagement in development, documentation, bug reporting, and test coverage.
This poster describes to our approach and presents some early results showing feasibility. The emergency communication systems are undergoing a transition from the PSTN-based legacy system to an IP-based next generation system. In the next generation system, GPS accurately provides a user's location when the user makes an emergency call outdoors using a mobile phone. Indoor positioning, however, presents a challenge because GPS does not generally work indoors. Moreover, unlike outdoors, vertical accuracy is critical indoors because an error of few meters will send emergency responders to a different floor in a building.
This paper presents an indoor positioning system which focuses on improving the accuracy of vertical location. We aim to provide floor-level accuracy with minimal infrastructure support.
Our approach is to use multiple sensors available in today's smartphones to trace users' vertical movements inside buildings. First, we present the elevator module for tracking a user's movement in elevators. Second, we present the stairway module which determines the number of floors a user has traveled on foot.
Third, we present a hybrid architecture that combines the sensor-based components with minimal and practical infrastructure. The infrastructure provides initial anchor and periodic corrections of a user's vertical location indoors. The architecture strikes the right balance between the accuracy of location and the feasibility of deployment for the purpose of emergency communication.
System reliability is a fundamental requirement of cyber-physical systems. Unreliable systems can lead to disruption of service, financial cost and even loss of human life. Typical cyber-physical systems are designed to process large amounts of data, employ software as a system component, run online continuously and retain an operator-in-the-loop because of human judgment and accountability requirements for safety-critical systems.
This paper describes a data-centric runtime monitoring system named ARIS Autonomic Reliability Improvement System for improving the reliability of these types of cyber-physical systems. ARIS employs automated online evaluation, working in parallel with the cyber-physical system to continuously conduct automated evaluation at multiple stages in the system workflow and provide real-time feedback for reliability improvement.
This approach enables effective evaluation of data from cyber-physical systems. For example, abnormal input and output data can be detected and flagged through data quality analysis. As a result, alerts can be sent to the operator-in-the-loop, who can then take actions and make changes to the system based on these alerts in order to achieve minimal system downtime and higher system reliability. We have implemented ARIS in a large commercial building cyber-physical system in New York City, and our experiment has shown that it is effective and efficient in improving building system reliability.
With global pool of data growing at over 2. These cast paper ballots may be recounted after the election or may be selectively examined by hand in a post-election audit. Such an evidence trail is generally preferred over electronic evidence like electronic cast-vote records or ballot images.
Electronic evidence can be altered by compromised or faulty hardware or software. The voter may mark the ballot by hand, or the marked ballot may be produced by a voting machine. In the current context, the human-readable. Statistical auditing techniques available now and some in development are more efficient and effective than earlier techniques wherein a predetermined percentage of precincts were recounted by hand to confirm the accuracy of initial precinct tallies.
The implementation of statistical auditing techniques may require the allocation of additional time between the end of voting and when the official results of the election are certified. Auditing a fixed percentage of precincts may not provide adequate assurance with regard to the outcome of a close election. To address this weakness, a method of auditing known as risk-limiting auditing was developed.
This statistical assurance ensures that the chance that an incorrect reported outcome escapes detection and correction is less than a predetermined risk limit. RLAs offer statistical efficiency. Auditing an election with tens of millions of ballots may require examining by hand as few as several hundred randomly selected paper ballots. A RLA might determine that more ballots need to be examined, or even that a full hand recount should be performed, if the contest is close or the reported outcome incorrect.
Because RLAs layer a security mechanism the risk-limiting audit itself on top of the traditional vote-casting process, RLAs can often be performed without the adoption of new vote-casting processes.
RLAs were piloted statewide in Colorado in and are now being piloted by several other states. Some states will, for example, need to adopt paper balloting or purchase different scanners to be able to use comparison-based audits.
Executing an RLA for a single plurality contest in a single jurisdiction is not particularly challenging. Implementing an RLA for an election with multiple contests, multiple jurisdictions, multiple types of equipment, and multiple election types not just plurality , requires more preparation, and a state or other jurisdiction should expect that the implementation process will take time.
The most efficient RLAs comparison audits make use of cast-vote records CVRs that electronically represent the contents of each paper ballot. A ballot-comparison audit operates by randomly selecting paper ballots from a list of all cast paper ballots on a ballot manifest and comparing the voter-verified human-readable contents of the selected paper ballots to the electronic records in the corresponding CVRs.
When CVRs are not available or cannot be linked to specific corresponding paper ballots , a ballot-polling audit may be used instead when margins are relatively large.
Such an audit examines only randomly selected paper ballots and no CVRs ; however, many more paper ballots may need to be sampled and examined to achieve the same statistical assurance. RLAs can establish high confidence in the accuracy of election results—even if the equipment that produced the original tallies is faulty. This confidence depends on two conditions: 1 that election administrators follow appropriate procedures to maintain the chain-of-custody and secure physical ballots—from the time ballots are received, either in-person or by mail, until auditing is complete; and 2 that the personnel conducting the audit are following appropriate auditing procedures and the equipment and software used to audit the election are independent of the equipment and software used to produce the initial tallies.
In recent years there has been increased interest in providing voters with an opportunity to verify that their votes have been accurately cast, counted, and tabulated.
This presents a challenge due to the necessity of preserving the secrecy of the ballot. However, building upon cryptographic methods initially developed by computer scientist and cryptographer David Lee Chaum, researchers have developed an approach called end-to-end E2E verifiability. This approach enables voters and other members of the. An election is E2E-verifiable E2E-V if it achieves three goals: 1 voters can obtain assurance that their selections have been properly recorded; 2 any individual can verify that his or her ballots have been included in vote tallies; and 3 members of the public can verify that the final tally is the correct result for the set of ballots collected.
E2E-verifiability enables not only detection of external threats, but also detection of internal threats including errors or tampering by election officials, corrupted equipment, or compromises originating with equipment vendors.
E2E-V voting systems adopt certain properties see Box , encrypt ballot data, and permit verification of data throughout the voting process. The phrase should not, however, be interpreted to mean that verification must occur at particular stages of the process.
E2E-verifiability is a property that may be achieved in an election—rather than a particular methodology. Systems with various characteristics have been designed to produce E2E-V elections. In practice, an E2E-V voting system might work as follows:. The receipt could be machine-issued or derived from the process of marking a pre-printed paper ballot.
There are several methods to test whether the encryption process is working properly. Because voting systems cannot predict whether a voter. Benaloh is a member of the committee that authored the current report. Ronald L. Rivest, who is also a member of the committee that authored the current report, was a co-author of the paper and has authored other papers on end-to-end verifiability.
Ballots might be spoiled accidentally or deliberately. A ballot may be spoiled in many ways e. Voters would be permitted to verify the accuracy of the encryption only on spoiled ballots. This is to ensure that the verification process could not be used to reveal how individuals actually voted. After polls close, copies of all voter receipts would be posted to a public electronic bulletin board in order to allow voters to confirm that their votes have been properly recorded.
All voter receipts would be processed using a series of cryptographic computations that would yield the results of the particular election. The algorithms and parameters for the cryptographic operations would be.
When E2E-verifiability is used with paper ballots, conventional recounts and risk-limiting audits are possible as additional means of verification. E2E-verifiablility adds complexity to the election process, and the effective wide-scale deployment of E2E-verifiability will require a broad understanding of the underlying cryptographic methods by election officials and the general public. It may initially be challenging to understand the tools that could be employed to make E2E-verifiability possible.
While such decryption would not affect the integrity of an election, it could compromise voter anonymity. E2E-V methods seem to be necessary for secure voting via the Internet, but the methods are, in and of themselves, insufficient to address all of the security issues associated with Internet voting. Electronic versions of ballots may be subject to Internet-based or other attacks that might, for example, delete electronic ballots or otherwise replace or modify electronic election records.
With E2E-V systems—as with any voting system—a bad actor could simply claim that his or her vote was not accurately captured. Such claims could eventually be discounted by security experts following the E2E-V trail of evidence. However, with sufficient numbers of bad actors acting simultaneously, confidence in an election outcome could be eroded before all the necessary independent verifications could take place.
Ryan, eds. With other systems, it is possible that the impact of adding E2E-verification features would be more noticeable. Scantegrity is paper-based insofar as the casting of ballots. It only uses the Internet as a means through which voters may verify that their votes were included in the tally, or by which anyone can verify that a vote tally is correct, given the posted votes. With the Scantegrity system, for example, voters mark their paper ballots with special pens that reveal a secret code when a voter selects a candidate the code changes with each ballot.
A voter cannot credibly claim to have voted for a candidate without knowing the associated code. Complicated and technology-dependent voting systems increase the risk of and opportunity for malicious manipulation. The contributor s cannot be held responsible for any misuse of the data. This repository is just a collection of URLs to download eBooks for free. Download the eBooks at your own risks.
To know more on DMCA takedown policy here. Advanced Penetration Testing Hacking Begin Ethical Hacking with Python. Certified Ethical Hacker Essential Skills for Hackers. Hacking Hacking the Hacker The Art of Invisibility Penetration Testing Basics.
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