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Authors Carol L. Description Race, Rights and Reparation: Law and the Japanese American Internment is the first comprehensive course book that provides critical examination of the Asian-American legal experience, and the legal, social and ethical ramifications of the internment of Japanese- Americans during World War II and the successful reparations movement of the s.
Eric Yamamoto of interest-convergence because they conve- also raises some of these questions. His niently coincide with the historic candidacy article, "American Reparations Theory and and subsequent election of the US's first Practice at the Crossroads," examines the black president, Barack Obama, and also state of Virginia's legislative resolution that serve to bolster the image of the US as an expressed regret for its role in slavery and international moral authority on human the exploitation of Native Americans.
Derrick Bell, one of founders of Yamamoto finds that it fell short of promot- critical race theory, is well known for his sig- ing racial reconciliation because it did not nature interest-convergence thesis, which include any concrete language or measures provides that the interests of people of color that could lead to reparations.
He raises a in achieving racial equality will only be series of questions: achieved when they converge with the inter- ests of whites Bell Bell's theory has Virginia's pro-active "step," the first of its kind been used so extensively it is considered by a state, may well have been momentous. Are they enough Almost forty years ago. Bell argued that to foster healing?
If they are only a step in the interest-convergence principles would pre- healing process, what are the other steps? Thus, tions accomplished to change the real cir- terms other than apology — that did not cumstances of black Americans living with show direct culpability — such as "profound the legacy of slavery and Jim Crow?
Due to regret" and "atonement" were used in most the lack of any concrete measures, or studies, of the resolutions. Many of them included such as that proposed by Representative explicit disclaimers indicating that they were John Conyers D-Mich.
And none provided any Americans today, which has been proposed concrete remedial measures. The US is not every year since Conyers , it does alone in this regard. Historian Robert not appear that anything has been done to Weyeneth writes that many countries use materially alter our conditions. The wealth "[s]tatements of regret about the past Through general calls for reconcili- Alexander A Pan American Health ation, recognition, and healing they give the Organization study found that African Amer- appearance of recognizing the harm while icans have a 5.
In addition, they than whites PAHO And although a provide a form of 'catch 22' for those who CDC Center for Disease Control and Pre- are the subject of these apologies as those vention Health Disparities and Inequalities who call for further action can be character- Report concludes that the ongoing health ized as ungrateful whiners who are looking disparities based upon race are "both unac- for a handout.
And, even by the standards chronic health conditions than whites CDC of scholars who find that apologies as singu- African American men in the US are lar acts can serve positive ends, these apolo- said to have "third world health status" Gad- gies likely fall short due to their lack of con- son with a significantly shorter life crete measures. Thus the apology resolutions expectancy than white men Arias House of Representatives and China Moreover, political scientist Melissa Nobles to apologize for human rights violations noted the influence of international pres- Buckley , Elegant Moreover, sure on official apologies in the US Nobles although the US is not a member of the , Thus, these apology resolu- historic presidential campaign of Barack tions can be viewed as a form of interest-con- Obama, which began in , as well as vergence due to their utility in improving the ongoing efforts of the US to act as a moral international image of the US.
Within the past decade sev- Alabama, Arkansas, Florida, Maryland, eral actions by the United Nations have also North Carolina, New Jersey, and Virginia condemned slavery and called for recogni- facially appear to promote racial healing and tion and reparations. The Declaration and reconciliation, upon closer examination they Program of Action of Durban con- actually serve as a form of interest-conver- demned slavery, including the Transatlantic gence Bell that ultimately promul- Slave Trade, as crimes against humanity.
The gates white supremacy: by covertly thwarting following year the UN Sub-Commission on reparations claims or other racial justice Human Rights passed a resolution efforts for black Americans they perpetuate calling for "solemn and formal recognition white political dominance while providing and reparation," for slavery.
Subsequently, the illusion of substantive racial reconcilia- the UN a passed resolutions creating a tion and progress. Furthermore, in and the tive, concrete remedial measures. Moreover, UN passed additional resolutions calling for their timing curiously coincides with the education about the causes and conse- bicentennial anniversary of the abolition of quences of slavery and established a trust the US slave trade, the historic candidacy of fund for the permanent slavery memorial.
Barack Obama and ongoing attempts Having the nation's first black president, by the US to act as an international moral without any official government action to authority on human rights issues.
While it is explicitly atone for slavery, does not provide too soon to know the future implications of the US with international moral authority on these apology resolutions, the history of civil human rights issues. This signals the need to during this time the US has also been pres- closely scrutinize official apologies for their suring other nations to atone for their prior actual substantive impact.
Reparations: Pro and Con New York:
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